The Male Reproductive System
It comprises of :
The essential sex organs i.e. a couple of testes
The auxiliary sex organs i.e. the channel framework and the related organs
Outer genitalia
Testes
Scrotum – a pocket in which testes are arranged
Testicular lobules
Seminiferous tubules – contains Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells-Leydig cells
Frill Ducts
Rete testis
Vasa efferentia
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra
Frill Glands
A couple of fundamental vesicles
Prostate organ
Bulbourethral organ
Emissions of these organs constitute the fundamental plasma rich in fructose , calcium and certain catalysts .
Emissions of bulbourethral organs likewise help in oil of penis.
Outside Genitalia
The penis is the outside genitalia in human guys .
It is comprised of extraordinary erectile tissue that aides in erection of the penis to encourage insemination.
The expanded tip of the penis is called glans penis secured by prepuce.
The Female Reproductive framework
It comprises of :
The essential sex organ that is a couple of ovaries
Optional sex organs-the conduit framework comprising of a couple of fallopian tube , an uterus , cervix and vagina
Outside genitalia
Mammary organs
Ovaries
Produce female gametes called ova
Situated in stomach hole
Every ovary is almond molded body
Coved by a slight epithelium , encasing the ovarian stroma
Stroma is partitioned into 2 locales :
1. Fringe cortex
2. Inward medulla
Fallopian Tube
Part nearer to ovary-channel formed infundibulum
Infundibulum has finger like projections-fimbriae
More extensive piece of oviduct –ampulla
Last a portion of oviduct-isthmus
Uterus
Secured by three layered divider:
Perimetrium – external generally layer
Myometrium-center layer
Endometrium-inward generally layer
Outer Genitalia
Mons pubis – pad of greasy tissues secured by skin and pubic hair
Labia majora – beefy folds of tissue stretching out down from mons pubis , encompassing the vaginal opening
Labia minora – matched folds of tissue under labia majora
Clitoris – modest finger-like structure which lies at the upper intersection of the two labia minora , over the urethral opening
Hymen – a film covering the opening of vagina incompletely
Mammary Glands
Comprises of glandular tissue and variable measure of fat
Glandular tissue isolated into 15-20 mammary projections
Every projection contains bunches of cells called alveoli opening into mammary tubules
Mammary tubules join to frame mammary pipe
Mammary conduits join to frame mammary ampulla associated with lactiferous pipe
Milk discharged by cells of alveoli, put away in the lumen of alveoli
GAMETOGENESIS
The procedure of development of gametes is called gametogenesis
It is of two sorts:
1. Spermatogenesis in guys
2. Oogenesis in females
1. Spermatogenesis
The procedure of development of sperms in guys is called spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia present on the internal mass of seminiferous tubules increase by mitotic division and structure essential spermatocytes.
Essential spermatocytes experience meiosis.
Essential spermatocytes complete first meiotic division, shapes 2 square with haploid auxiliary spermatocytes
Auxiliary spermatocytes experience second meiotic division to shape 4 haploid spermatids
Spermatids change into spermatozoa (sperms) - spermiogenesis
Sperm heads get embeded in sertoli cells, at last discharged from seminiferous tubules - spermiation
Hormonal control of spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis started because of expansion in emission of gonadotropin discharging hormone by hypothalamus
Increment in GnRH follow up on front pituitary and fortify emission of two gonadotropins, LH and FSH
LH follows up on Leydig cells and empowers them to discharge androgens.
FSH follows up on Sertoli cells, empowers discharge of a few components which help in spermiogenesis
Structure of Sperm
Made out of head, neck, center piece and a tail.
Plasma layer envelopes the entire assemblage of sperm
Sperm head contains a stretched haploid core, the foremost partition of which is secured a top like structure, acrosome.
Acrosome-loaded with compounds that help preparation of ovum
Center piece has various mitochondria-vitality for development of tail
Sperms discharged from the seminiferous tubules are transported by the adornment pipes .
Discharges of epididymis , vas deferens , original vesicle , prostate – key for development and motility of sperms
Semen – original plasma alongside sperms
Elements of male adornment organs controlled by testicular hormones (androgens)
2. Oogenesis
The procedure of development of a full grown female gamete is called oogenesis
Oogonia begin division, go into prophase I of meiosis - essential oocytes
Every essential oocyte gets encompassed by a layer of granulosa cells-essential follicle
Essential follicles gets encompassed by more layers of granulosa cells-optional follicles
Optional follicle changes into a tertiary follicle described by a liquid filled hole called antrum
The essential oocyte inside the tertiary follicle develops in size, finishes first meiotic division
It results in unequal division, development of substantial haploid optional oocyte and small first polar body
Tertiary follicle changes into graafian follicle
Optional oocyte shapes another layer zona pellucida
Ovulation – graafian follicle breaks to discharge the auxiliary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary
Menstrual cycle
The cyclic changes that happen in the regenerative organs of primate females is called menstrual cycle
The occasions in a menstrual cycle can be studied under four stages
Menstrual stage
It goes on for 3-5 days
It results because of breakdown of endometrial covering of uterus and its veins
Follicular stage
Endometrium is recovered by expansion of its cells
These progressions are because of expanded levels of FSH , LH, Estrogen
FSH controls follicular stage, fortifies development of follicles , discharge of Estrogen
FSH and LH achieve their top level amidst the cycle
Ovulatory stage
Top level of LH actuates burst of full grown graafian follicle and arrival of ovum-ovulation
Luteal stage
Cracked follicle changes into corpus luteum
It secretes extensive amounts of progesterones
Without preparation, corpus luteum ruffians. This causes breaking down of endometrium
Menstrual cycle stop at 45 years old - 50 menopause.
Treatment and Implantation
The procedure of combination of a sperm with an ovum is called treatment.
Preparation can just happen if the ovum and sperms are transported all the while to the ampullary – isthmic intersection.
Occasions amid preparation :
Sperm interacts with zona pellucida
Instigates changes in film that square passage of extra sperms
Discharges of acrosome help sperm enter the cytoplasm of ovum
Meiotic division of optional oocyte
Haploid ovum and second polar body framed
Development of zygote
Implantation
zygote moves towards uterus
Blastomeres (2,4,8,16 little girl cells)
morula (8-16 blastomeres)
blastocyst
Blastomeres in blastocyst orchestrate into an external layer trophoblast and an internal gathering of cells joined to trophoblast
Blastocyst gets inserted in endometrium of uterus (implantation)
Uterine cells quickly separation and spread the blastocyst
Pregnancy and embryonic advancement
Internal layer becomes out as finger prefer projections called villi into the uterine stroma
Chorionic villi and uterine tissue get interdigitated to frame placenta
Placenta secretes hormones like hCG , hPL , estrogens , progesterones (to look after pregnancy)
Inward cell mass separates into an external layer called ectoderm and an internal layer called endoderm
Mesoderm shows up amongst ectoderm and endoderm
Foundational microorganisms (undifferentiated embryonic cells)
Components of embryonic improvement
The human pregnancy goes on for 9 months
first month – developing life's heart is shaped
second month – baby creates appendages and digits
12 weeks (first trimester) – real organ frameworks are shaped
fifth month – first developments of baby and appearance of hair on head
24 weeks (second trimester) – body secured with fine hair , eye tops separate , eye lashes framed
Parturition and Lactation
Growth period – 9 months
Parturition – the procedure of conveyance of the baby (labor)
Signals for parturition start from the completely created embryo and placenta actuating gentle uterine constrictions called Fetal launch reflex
It triggers the arrival of oxytocin from maternal pituitary
Oxytocin follows up on uterine muscle, causes more grounded uterine constrictions, which thus animates further discharge of oxytocin.
Lactation
The mammary organs experience separation amid pregnancy and begins delivering milk towards the end of pregnancy by the procedure called lactation.
The milk delivered amid the underlying few days of lactation – colostrum
It contains a few antibodies fundamental to create resistance for new-borns.
It comprises of :
The essential sex organs i.e. a couple of testes
The auxiliary sex organs i.e. the channel framework and the related organs
Outer genitalia
Testes
Scrotum – a pocket in which testes are arranged
Testicular lobules
Seminiferous tubules – contains Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells-Leydig cells
Frill Ducts
Rete testis
Vasa efferentia
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra
Frill Glands
A couple of fundamental vesicles
Prostate organ
Bulbourethral organ
Emissions of these organs constitute the fundamental plasma rich in fructose , calcium and certain catalysts .
Emissions of bulbourethral organs likewise help in oil of penis.
Outside Genitalia
The penis is the outside genitalia in human guys .
It is comprised of extraordinary erectile tissue that aides in erection of the penis to encourage insemination.
The expanded tip of the penis is called glans penis secured by prepuce.
The Female Reproductive framework
It comprises of :
The essential sex organ that is a couple of ovaries
Optional sex organs-the conduit framework comprising of a couple of fallopian tube , an uterus , cervix and vagina
Outside genitalia
Mammary organs
Ovaries
Produce female gametes called ova
Situated in stomach hole
Every ovary is almond molded body
Coved by a slight epithelium , encasing the ovarian stroma
Stroma is partitioned into 2 locales :
1. Fringe cortex
2. Inward medulla
Fallopian Tube
Part nearer to ovary-channel formed infundibulum
Infundibulum has finger like projections-fimbriae
More extensive piece of oviduct –ampulla
Last a portion of oviduct-isthmus
Uterus
Secured by three layered divider:
Perimetrium – external generally layer
Myometrium-center layer
Endometrium-inward generally layer
Outer Genitalia
Mons pubis – pad of greasy tissues secured by skin and pubic hair
Labia majora – beefy folds of tissue stretching out down from mons pubis , encompassing the vaginal opening
Labia minora – matched folds of tissue under labia majora
Clitoris – modest finger-like structure which lies at the upper intersection of the two labia minora , over the urethral opening
Hymen – a film covering the opening of vagina incompletely
Mammary Glands
Comprises of glandular tissue and variable measure of fat
Glandular tissue isolated into 15-20 mammary projections
Every projection contains bunches of cells called alveoli opening into mammary tubules
Mammary tubules join to frame mammary pipe
Mammary conduits join to frame mammary ampulla associated with lactiferous pipe
Milk discharged by cells of alveoli, put away in the lumen of alveoli
GAMETOGENESIS
The procedure of development of gametes is called gametogenesis
It is of two sorts:
1. Spermatogenesis in guys
2. Oogenesis in females
1. Spermatogenesis
The procedure of development of sperms in guys is called spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia present on the internal mass of seminiferous tubules increase by mitotic division and structure essential spermatocytes.
Essential spermatocytes experience meiosis.
Essential spermatocytes complete first meiotic division, shapes 2 square with haploid auxiliary spermatocytes
Auxiliary spermatocytes experience second meiotic division to shape 4 haploid spermatids
Spermatids change into spermatozoa (sperms) - spermiogenesis
Sperm heads get embeded in sertoli cells, at last discharged from seminiferous tubules - spermiation
Hormonal control of spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis started because of expansion in emission of gonadotropin discharging hormone by hypothalamus
Increment in GnRH follow up on front pituitary and fortify emission of two gonadotropins, LH and FSH
LH follows up on Leydig cells and empowers them to discharge androgens.
FSH follows up on Sertoli cells, empowers discharge of a few components which help in spermiogenesis
Structure of Sperm
Made out of head, neck, center piece and a tail.
Plasma layer envelopes the entire assemblage of sperm
Sperm head contains a stretched haploid core, the foremost partition of which is secured a top like structure, acrosome.
Acrosome-loaded with compounds that help preparation of ovum
Center piece has various mitochondria-vitality for development of tail
Sperms discharged from the seminiferous tubules are transported by the adornment pipes .
Discharges of epididymis , vas deferens , original vesicle , prostate – key for development and motility of sperms
Semen – original plasma alongside sperms
Elements of male adornment organs controlled by testicular hormones (androgens)
2. Oogenesis
The procedure of development of a full grown female gamete is called oogenesis
Oogonia begin division, go into prophase I of meiosis - essential oocytes
Every essential oocyte gets encompassed by a layer of granulosa cells-essential follicle
Essential follicles gets encompassed by more layers of granulosa cells-optional follicles
Optional follicle changes into a tertiary follicle described by a liquid filled hole called antrum
The essential oocyte inside the tertiary follicle develops in size, finishes first meiotic division
It results in unequal division, development of substantial haploid optional oocyte and small first polar body
Tertiary follicle changes into graafian follicle
Optional oocyte shapes another layer zona pellucida
Ovulation – graafian follicle breaks to discharge the auxiliary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary
Menstrual cycle
The cyclic changes that happen in the regenerative organs of primate females is called menstrual cycle
The occasions in a menstrual cycle can be studied under four stages
Menstrual stage
It goes on for 3-5 days
It results because of breakdown of endometrial covering of uterus and its veins
Follicular stage
Endometrium is recovered by expansion of its cells
These progressions are because of expanded levels of FSH , LH, Estrogen
FSH controls follicular stage, fortifies development of follicles , discharge of Estrogen
FSH and LH achieve their top level amidst the cycle
Ovulatory stage
Top level of LH actuates burst of full grown graafian follicle and arrival of ovum-ovulation
Luteal stage
Cracked follicle changes into corpus luteum
It secretes extensive amounts of progesterones
Without preparation, corpus luteum ruffians. This causes breaking down of endometrium
Menstrual cycle stop at 45 years old - 50 menopause.
Treatment and Implantation
The procedure of combination of a sperm with an ovum is called treatment.
Preparation can just happen if the ovum and sperms are transported all the while to the ampullary – isthmic intersection.
Occasions amid preparation :
Sperm interacts with zona pellucida
Instigates changes in film that square passage of extra sperms
Discharges of acrosome help sperm enter the cytoplasm of ovum
Meiotic division of optional oocyte
Haploid ovum and second polar body framed
Development of zygote
Implantation
zygote moves towards uterus
Blastomeres (2,4,8,16 little girl cells)
morula (8-16 blastomeres)
blastocyst
Blastomeres in blastocyst orchestrate into an external layer trophoblast and an internal gathering of cells joined to trophoblast
Blastocyst gets inserted in endometrium of uterus (implantation)
Uterine cells quickly separation and spread the blastocyst
Pregnancy and embryonic advancement
Internal layer becomes out as finger prefer projections called villi into the uterine stroma
Chorionic villi and uterine tissue get interdigitated to frame placenta
Placenta secretes hormones like hCG , hPL , estrogens , progesterones (to look after pregnancy)
Inward cell mass separates into an external layer called ectoderm and an internal layer called endoderm
Mesoderm shows up amongst ectoderm and endoderm
Foundational microorganisms (undifferentiated embryonic cells)
Components of embryonic improvement
The human pregnancy goes on for 9 months
first month – developing life's heart is shaped
second month – baby creates appendages and digits
12 weeks (first trimester) – real organ frameworks are shaped
fifth month – first developments of baby and appearance of hair on head
24 weeks (second trimester) – body secured with fine hair , eye tops separate , eye lashes framed
Parturition and Lactation
Growth period – 9 months
Parturition – the procedure of conveyance of the baby (labor)
Signals for parturition start from the completely created embryo and placenta actuating gentle uterine constrictions called Fetal launch reflex
It triggers the arrival of oxytocin from maternal pituitary
Oxytocin follows up on uterine muscle, causes more grounded uterine constrictions, which thus animates further discharge of oxytocin.
Lactation
The mammary organs experience separation amid pregnancy and begins delivering milk towards the end of pregnancy by the procedure called lactation.
The milk delivered amid the underlying few days of lactation – colostrum
It contains a few antibodies fundamental to create resistance for new-borns.
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